Turbulence is of fundamental importance for energy transport in the atmosphere. In this work, several severe instrumental effects on turbulence measurements from sounding balloons are investigated. They are circumvented with the new LITOS version that has been developed and tested against another instrument in the course of this thesis. Furthermore, LITOS is used for two geophysical case studies: First, we investigate turbulence generation by wave breaking. Second, we interpret a measurement where small-scale turbulence influences large-scale weather patterns around the jet stream.