In the field, finding well-dated and well-conserved Neolithic surface horizons is rare and implies a consciousness of its importance and morphology, by the archaeologists and geoarchaeologists. Further steps then contribute to the recognition of different main types of surfaces. In the study area, over numerous years, they have involved the use of field characteristics and tests, the differentiation of soil forming factors and preservation conditions in calcareous and acid soils, the choice of adapted analytical methods according to these (as mineral chemistry, micromorphology and malacology) and finally, to take into account the soil conditions encountered in the Neolithic. These evolve strongly in one of the treated sub-regions, changing from calcareous to acidic during Early and Middle Holocene. Results of these approaches concern in situ humanactivities recorded by these surfaces, for a dozen cases in Northern/ Central France and Belgium/ Luxembourg and may encourage more research on this topic.