Stress experienced during development in organisms with bilateral
structures could result in developmental instability, which is expressed
as subtle non-directional deviations from perfect symmetry, known as
fluctuating asymmetry (FA). As such, FA has been proposed, and extensively
used, as a trait indicating stress for many organisms with bilateral
structures and many types of stress. However, while this concept may apply
to animals, the evidence for plants' main vegetative structures,
i.e., leaves, remains equivocal, and a comprehensive synthesis on this
topic is still missing. We designed observational field and controlled
greenhouse studies, combining different growth and leaf forms across
multiple stress gradients, comprising 21 species and 80 populations. We
measured FA as the difference between the left and right area of the leaf,
an approach that accommodates diverse leaf forms. We used high-precision,
blind, single-person measurements and tested for other forms of symmetry
and the effect of leaf size. We further complemented our study with a
systematic literature review of FA in plant leaves, compiling 51 studies
comprising 72 species, 23 stress types, and 131 unique entries (species ×
stress type). We consistently found no effect of stress on leaf FA in any
of the studied species in both our field and experimental gradients. In
the systematic literature review, only 39% of the unique entries showed
the expected increase in FA with stress, 53% showed no effect, 9% showed
an opposite trend of a decrease in FA with stress, and 1% showed an
unimodal relationship. Importantly, only 40% of all entries fulfilled the
crucial step of controlling for a high-precision measurement, and of these
49% reported the expected increase of FA with stress. Both the results of
our observational and experimental approaches and the systematic
literature review failed to support a clear relationship between stress
and FA in plant leaves. These results clearly show that FA in plant leaves
cannot be used as a reliable trait indicating stress during development.