FIGS 12–18. (12–15) Phylactella mediterranea sp. nov. (12) Ancestrula budding a single distal zooid, showing a row of inactive pore windows on the gymnocyst. Ciclopi cruise, sample 21C, 62.5 m. (13) Periancestrular budding pattern. Ciclopi cruise, sample 12E, 62 m. (14) Periancestrular part of a sheet-like colony lacking the ancestrula. Note increasing size of zooids, peristomes sometimes completed by a distal lamina and spines on the first budded zooid. Case Catarinicchia: BC8 sample, inferred depthw40 m. Sicilian. (15) Close-up of the orifice of the first zooid in figure 14, showing three oral spines. Case Catarinicchia: BC8 sample, inferred depthw40 m. Sicilian. (16–18) Prenantia ligulata (Manzoni). (16) Sterile and ovicelled zooids with typical peristomes and the shield unperforated suboral area. Ciclopi cruise, sample 2G: 87.5 m. (17) Close-up of the primary orifice. Ciclopi cruise, sample 2G: 87.5 m. (18) Ancestrula and periancestrular zooids with orificial spines. Apollo Bank (Ustica, southern Tyrrhenian Sea): 60 m. Scale bars: 100 Mm (12, 15, 17); 500 Mm (13, 14, 16); 200 Mm (18).