Fig. 5. Heat maps depicting Von Mises strains in Gekko gecko (A–C), Psittacus erithacus (D–F), and Tyrannosaurus rex (G–I) in Left, Neutral; Middle, FAM; and Right, MLM postures of each taxon. Models are shown in left oblique (top), left lateral (middle), and ventral (bottom) views. Heat maps show strains in postural models with all muscles fired simultaneously. Areas of high strain appear in warmer colors; white areas are beyond the scales presented with the models. Cooler colors depict areas of low strain concentration. Bones of the left lateral dermatocranium (i.e., portions of the maxilla, jugal, lacrimal, postorbital, and quadratojugal bones) have been removed on heat maps of T. rex to show details of the palate, although all bones were in place for the analysis.