Fig. 4. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses for the corbiculate bees. (a) Hypothesis commonly recovered with morphological data and favored by the data matrix of this study. (b) Hypothesis recovered with current available large phylogenomic datasets and obtained from a constraint grouping Bombini and Meliponini. Step counts in both trees were based on the results from the XIW analysis only with the difference that in (b) Bombini was constrained as sister group of Meliponini but all other relations were left unchanged, including the internal relationships of all corbiculate tribes. Star and dotted box indicate character state transformations optimized onto the given branch (only DELTRAN optimization of character state transformations informative for the corbiculate bees where shown): small, filled circles indicate unique transformations and non-filled circles indicate multiple transformations; numbers above circles denote characters and those below are their respective character states. Large circles to the right of dotted box indicate total number of unique (filled) and multiple (nonfilled) transformations on the branch of interest. Color coding of character state transformations matches those for the respective anatomical partition, indicated in the small boxes inside the large gray box below. Color codes: magenta (head), red (mouthparts), dark orange (mesosoma), green (legs), light blue (wings), yellow (metasoma), dark blue (genitalia/sting), and dark gray (internal morphology). Circles at the bottom-right corner of the small boxes indicate total number of character state transformations for each anatomical partition. Large light orange boxes on bottom-right present some indices and statistics for character state transformations optimized onto each hypothesis and the results of Bayesian topological tests. Abbreviations: L: tree length (step count); RI: global Retention Index; CI: global Consistency Index; MgLk: marginal likelihood calculated for the model constrained on the given tree topology; BF: Bayes factor calculated for the topological tests contrasting the two hypotheses. Photographs of A. dorsata, B. pauloensis, C. collaris, and M. quadrifasciata taken from Porto et al. (2021).