Wessex Archaeology was commissioned to undertake an archaeological evaluation comprising two hand-dug test pits to the rear of 38 Water Lane, Winchester. The investigation was undertaken in response to planning conditions attached to planning permission granted by Winchester City Council (ref. 21/00549/HOU) for the construction of a single storey extension. Located within the Romano-British cemetery, the evaluation was carried out with the aim of identifying any related features which would be impacted upon by the development, as well as providing information regarding the depths of any archaeological overburden across the site in light of such deposits having been found in the vicinity. Although no Romano-British features or deposits were identified, post-medieval and modern made ground/demolition deposits were observed to a depth of at least 1. 2 m below ground level (approximately 37.5 m aOD) where excavations ceased. The remnants of two walls were identified within the north-eastern of the two test pits. One, comprised of red brick and cement, was found to cut through post-medieval made ground layers and is likely of a late post-medieval/modern date. The second consisted of five courses of mortared sandstone and flint nodules and remains of uncertain origin. However, given the presence of residual medieval slate roofing tiles, and a sherd of pottery, within later deposits it is possible that this represents the remains of a medieval structure. The finds assemblage resulting from the investigation largely comprises post-medieval and modern pottery, ceramic building material, metal fragments and clay pipes.