Between March and June 2023, York Archaeology (YA) conducted a programme of archaeological monitoring and recording within Area 1 of the proposed Central Hall development for the National Railway Museum (NRM), Leeman Road, York (Grid Ref. SE 459201 451908 ).The work was undertaken for the National Railway Museum (part of the Science Museum Group), as part of archaeological Condition 68 (Planning Ref: 18/01884/OUTM ) for the York Central Development site (Planning Ref: 21/02793/REMM ), imposed by the City of York Council. Excavation of the two soil mounds located at Gate 36 (Mounds 1 and 2) was undertaken by two 360-degree mechanical excavators equipped with toothed and toothless grading buckets, with spoil transported off site. Topsoil and underlying deposits of the mounds were gradually stripped in spits under constant archaeological supervision and with the guidance of unexploded ordnance specialists and intermittent visits from a geoarchaeologist. As contaminated modern deposits were identified, works were paused until further guidance was provided. Trenches for ducting to the south and north of Leeman Road (Trenches 4 and 5) were excavated by use of a circular saw to cut concrete and tarmac, followed by a mechanical excavator equipped with a breaker to remove concrete and a toothless trenching bucket for the underlying deposits. These deposits were stripped in spits and then dug by hand where services and obstructions were identified. Across the surface of Leeman Road (Trench 3), excavation was conducted across two evenings of night-works, with the northern side of the road surface and pavement excavated and then reinstated on the first night, and the southern side on the second night . Following this, the northern half was re-opened to locate a service, before once again being reinstated. The excavation was undertaken with the use of a circular saw to cut tarmac, followed by a vacuum excavator and small mechanical excavator with a toothless bucket for the underlying deposits. In accordance with the Project Design, excavation was operated at an appropriate speed for monitoring and was paused as and when potential archaeological deposits and materials were revealed. Appropriate time was then provided for the attendant archaeologist to record and retrieve the remains, as needed. The results of this monitoring and recording revealed a mix of residual post-medieval debris, a handful of moderately preserved modern structural remains, and a large quantity...