Facial and key point detection in dairy cows can assist farms in building recognition systems and estimating cow facial postures. This dataset was primarily collected in Lu'an, Anhui Province, and Huai'an, Jiangsu Province.This dataset contains 2,538 images of Holstein cow faces under various conditions, including different lighting, occlusions, levels of blurriness, angles, as well as flipping, noise, and both single and multiple cows.The Labelme software was used to annotate the cow's facial detection bounding box and five key points including the left and right eyes, nose, and the corners of the mouth, which helps to advance the development of cow facial detection and pose estimation.