Figure 2. The movement-pathogen pace of life hypothesis and expectations about spatial patterns of transmission. A. Which components of the epidemiological landscape dominate spatial patterns of pathogen transmission depends on the interface between movement and pathogen life-history. Pathogen canonical activity movements (PCAMs) can be broken into pure-environment and host-as-environment modes, and the duration and ordering of these modes determines pathogen distribution across the landscape. Duration and ordering of PCAMs are in turn determined by two pathogen life-history traits: first passage times in the host and in the environment. Pathogen pace-of-life increases down the dashed diagonal line, with the fastest pathogens in the lower left-hand corner exhibiting rapid first passage times in both the host and the pathogen. Approximate locations of several pathogens are shown for orientation (M. ovi refers to Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, an infectious pathogen of bighorn sheep). Spatial patterns of transmission for pathogens in the upper triangle will be dominated by the locations of host-host interactions, while spatial patterns of transmission for pathogens in the lower triangle will be dominated by interactions between the host and environmental reservoirs. B. Pathogen life-histories can be summarized through vectors defined by host and environment first-passage times. The further vectors point to the left, the more transmission is driven by direct contacts; vectors extending further to the right are driven by indirect contacts. Pathogens whose vectors extend further to the bottom are expected to show transmission patterns driven by short-term contacts (mass aggregations; mass blooms), while pathogens whose vectors extend further toward the top will be driven by long-term patterns of host space use and density.