Plant collection and extract preparationRhatany roots were obtained from the local market in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A taxonomist at the Herbarium of the College of Science (King Saud University), validated the plant’s botanical identity. Roots were homogenized. The 70% rhatany root methanolic extract (RRE) was prepared using the process cited in Alamari et al. (2024).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysisThe methanolic rhatany extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis using a Thermo Scientific TM Trace GC Ultra and ISQTM Single Quadruple MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) (Kanthal et al., 2014). Identification of the mass spectrum was conducted regarding the Wiley/NBS mass spectral library.